| 1) How did it all started? |
Stone is a natural solid formation of one or many minerals.
There are thousands of types of stone that have been quarried
through the centuries. Quarries are located all around the world.
A majority of natural stone comes from Italy, Spain, Turkey,
United States, Mexico, China, Taiwan, India, Greece, Canada,
France, and Brazil. The minerals in stone came from the same
liquid and gas minerals that formed the earth. The Earth developed
as a massive body of gas and liquid minerals that slowly cooled
and condensed to a solid core. Through pressure, the Earth's
crust began to form and heavy minerals were forced down to the
core of the Earth where they were trapped. As the crust got
thicker, it squeezed around the inner core which created intense
pressure and heat from within the Earth. Crystals and other
solid forms began to grow from the mineral vapors that were
being released. As the Earth's crust began to expand and erode,
heat and pressure pushed the solid minerals up to the Earth's
surface which formed colossal rock beds. It took up to one-hundred
million years to form some of these beds. Many of the beds are
now used as quarries where the stone is mined. Most of these
minerals can be identified by their color, hardness, and crystal
formation. Crystals come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The
wide array of these minerals are often difficult to identify.
Many stones look very similar to each other; however, they are
all very different. It is imperative to know the exact type
of stone that is to be maintained. Stone is natural and may
have adverse reactions to certain cleaning chemicals and procedures.
Most stones are also natural alkalis and so are dirt and soil;
therefore, stone and dirt are attracted to each other which
often makes cleaning very difficult. This makes the proper selection
of cleaning procedures and chemicals for stone very complex. |
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| 2) What are different types of stones? |
The familiar stone types that are used today are identified
through four categories: SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC, IGNEOUS STONE,
and MAN-MADE.
| I. |
SEDIMENTARY: Comes from
organic elements such as glaciers, rivers, wind, oceans,
and plants. Tiny sedimentary pieces broke off from these
elements and accumulated to form rock beds. They were
bonded through millions of years of heat and pressure. |
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1. |
LIMESTONE: Mainly consists
of calcite. It does not show much graining or crystalline
structure. It has a smooth granular surface. Varies in
hardness. Some dense limestones can be polished. Common
colors are black, grey, white, yellow or brown. It is
more likely to stain than marble. Limestone is known to
contain lime from sea water. |
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i. |
SANDSTONE: Is a very durable formation
of quartz grains (sand). Usually formed in light brown
or red colors. Categorized by the most popular sandstone
bonding agents such as silica, calcium, clay, and iron
oxide. |
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ii. |
SOAPSTONE: A very soft stone made of
a variety of talc. It is a dense mineral that wears well
and is often resistant to stains. |
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iii. |
FOSSILSTONE: Considered a limestone
that contains natural fossils such as sea shells and plants.
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iv. |
TRAVERTINE: Usually a cream or reddish
color. It is formed through the accumulation of calcite
from hot springs. It contains lots of holes that were
formed from water flowing through the stone. These holes
are often filled with synthetic resins or cements. Requires
lots of maintenance if the holes are not filled. Classified
as a limestone and a marble. |
| II. |
METAMORPHIC: Originates
from a natural change from one type of stone to another
type through the mixture of heat, pressure, and minerals.
The change may be a development of a crystalline formation,
a texture change, or a color change. |
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1. |
MARBLE: A recrystallized
limestone that formed when the limestone softened from
heat and pressure and recrystallized into marble where
mineral changes occurred. The main consistency is calcium
and dolomite. Ranges in many colors and is usually heavily
veined and shows lots of grains. Hardness rates from 2.5
to 5 on the MOH Scale. Marble is classified into three
categories: (Stone World) |
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i. |
Dolomite: If it has more than 40% magnesium
carbonate. |
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ii. |
Magnesian: If it has between 5% and
40% magnesium carbonate. |
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iii. |
Calcite: If it has less than 5% magnesium
carbonate. |
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2. |
SLATE: A fine grained metamorphic
stone that formed from clay, sedimentary rock shale, and
sometimes quartz. Very thin and can break easily. Usually
black, grey, or green. |
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3. |
SERPENTINE: Identified
by its marks which look like the skin of a serpent. Most
popular colors are green and brown. Hardness rates from
2.5 to 4 on the MOH Scale. Contains serpentine minerals
has lots of magnesium, and has an igneous origin. Does
not always react well to recrystallization or diamond
polishing. |
| III. |
IGNEOUS: stones are mainly
formed through volcanic material such as magma. Underneath
the Earths surface, liquid magma cooled and solidified.
Mineral gases and liquids penetrated into the stone and
created new crystalline formations with various colors.
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1. |
GRANITE: Primarily made
of Quartz (35%), Feldspar (45%) and Potassium. Usually
has darker colors. Contains very little calcite, if any.
Provides a heavy crystalline and granular appearance with
mineral grains. It is very hard material and easier to
maintain than marble. Yet, it is still porous and will
stain. There are different types of granite depending
on the percentage mix of quartz, mica and feldspar. Black
granite is known as an Anorthosite. It contains very little
quartz and feldspar and has a different composition than
true granite. |
| IV. |
MAN-MADE: Stones are derived
of unnatural mixtures such resin or cement with the additive
of stone chips. |
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1. |
TERRAZZO: Marble and granite
chips embedded in a cement composition. |
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i. |
AGGLOMERATE or CONGLOMERATE: Marble
chips embedded in a colored resin composition. |
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ii. |
CULTURED or FAUX MARBLE: A mix of resins
that are painted or mixed with a paint to look like marble. |
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| 3) How are stones named in the trade? |
Currently, there are many companies around the world that
use generic names to identify different types of stone. This
has created a problem for the stone maintenance industry. The
original names were in Italian. Usually the name consists of
two parts. The first part describes the color and the second
part describes the name from where the stone was quarried.
| ITALIAN NAME: | ENGLISH COLOR: |
| Azzuro | Blue |
| Breccia | Broken Pieces |
| Dorato/D'oro | Gold |
| Fiore | Flower |
| Giallo | Yellow |
| Negro/Nero | Black |
| Perla/Perlato | Pearl |
| Rosa | Pink |
| Rosso | Red |
| Verde | Green |
| Bianco | White |
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| 4) What are the most common surface
textures? |
There are many different types of stone available today. When
stone is ordered, it is fabricated with a particular type of
surface. There are seven main types of surfaces that are selected:
| I. |
HONED: Provides a flat to low sheen
gloss. Different levels of gloss can be selected. This
surface is very smooth, but often very porous. This texture
is common in high traffic buildings. Honed floors should
always be protected with Stoneguard Penetrating Sealer
because it has wide-open pores. Honed stone colors are
not as vibrant as a polished stone. |
| II. |
POLISHED: A glossy surface that wears
away with time due to heavy foot traffic and using improper
maintenance procedures. This surface is very smooth and
not very porous. The reflectivity of polished crystals
brings out the brilliant colors and grains of natural
stone. The shine comes from the natural reflection of
the stone's crystals. The polish is provided by polishing
bricks and polishing powders that are used during fabrication.
The shine is not from a coating. |
| III. |
FLAMED: A rough surface that is developed
through intense heat. During fabrication, the stone is
heated up and the crystals begin to pop, thus forming
a rough surface. This surface is very porous and must
be treated with Stoneguard. |
| IV. |
TUMBLED: A slightly rough texture that
is achieved by tumbling small pieces of marble, limestone,
and sometimes granite to achieve an archaic/worn appearance.
It often requires an application of Stone Color Enhancer
to bring out the colors. |
| V. |
SAND BLASTED: This surface is the result
of a pressurized flow of sand and water that provides
a textured surface with a matte gloss. |
| VI. |
SAWN: A process performed by using
a gang saw. |
| VII. |
BUSH HAMMERED: A pounding action that
develops a textured surface. The degree of roughness can
be selected. |
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| 5) What is the relationship between
color and minerals? |
As discussed previously, stone was formed from different
types of natural minerals. Marble's main consistency is calcium.
Calcium carbonate is the natural source that bonds the stone.
Certain additive minerals blended in to the calcium during
formation to customize these brilliant colors. The additive
minerals are also color developers present in granite and
other natural stones.
| STONE COLOR: |
MINERAL: |
| Black | Biotite, Hornblende, Carbon |
| Brown | Limonite |
| Gray | Variety of minerals |
| Green | Mica, Chloride, Silicate |
| Red | Hematite |
| White | Feldspar, Calcite, Dolomite. |
| Yellow | Limonite |
| MINERAL: |
MINERAL COLOR: |
| Augite | Brown, Green, Black, Purple |
| Biotite | Black, Brown, Green |
| Calcite | Pearlenscent and Pale Colors |
| Dolomite | Colorless, Pink, Pale Brown |
| Feldspar | Yellow, White, Pink, Green, Grey |
| Hematite | Metallic Grey or Black |
| Hornblende | Green, Yellow, Brown, Black |
| Limonite | Black, Brown, or Yellow |
| Sulphur | Pale Gold |
Minerals have a variety of crystalline properties. A different
property has a different color. For instance, Augite (listed
above) has different crystalline properties. Each property
has its own color. Stones brilliant colors and various crystal
formations developed when different mineral properties blended
together along with the integration of temperature and pressure.
The veins and color grains of marble were liquid minerals
that flowed through the stone when the Earth heated up. The
intense heat softened the limestone to allow the liquids to
flow through it. When the Earth cooled, the mineral flow stopped
and gradually hardened to its current state.
The delicate
colors of stone can often be altered by the improper use of
cleaning chemicals, mopping with dirty solution, using chemicals
that are not designed for stone care, and sunlight can fade
the color of natural minerals. |
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| 6) What causes the reflectivity of
stone and related issues? |
Stone contains natural crystals. These crystals reflect light
to provide a shine on the surface. When the crystals are dull,
crushed, or broken, they cannot reflect light evenly. For example,
when the lens of a flashlight breaks, it cannot reflect the
light that is being emitted from the bulb.
Polished stone floors
become dull when heavy foot traffic along with sediment erodes
the crystals. Normal footwear does not cause the main damage,
sediment and grit do. The sediment and grit that lies on the
stone surface is the main enemy of the stones crystals. The
damage to the crystals occur when the pressure from the shoe
forces the sediment to abrade or fracture the crystals. |
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| 7) What does the Hardness of stone
mean and related issues? |
Marble is a relatively soft stone. On a measurement of hardness
(MOHS), marble is approximately a three out of ten. Marble is
made of calcium, just like your teeth. If you eat something
to hard you will break your tooth. If you eat a lot of sugar
you will get a cavity. Stone reacts the same way. If an improper
chemical is applied to the surface, corrosion will begin to
form cavities in the stone.
Listed below is the famous Measurement
of Hardness (MOH) Scale for stone. This is a guide developed
in the 1800's which helps evaluate the strengths and weaknesses
of the stone being used. For example, softer stones would require
the use of a less active chemical and a more frequent dust mopping
program.
| Measurement of Hardness Scale: |
| I. |
Talc |
| II. |
Gypsum |
| III. |
Calcite (Most Marbles) |
| IV. |
Fluorite |
| V. |
Apatite |
| VI. |
Feldspar (Granite) |
| VII. |
Quartz (Granite) |
| VIII. |
Topaz |
| IX. |
Corundum |
| X. |
Diamond |
The objective of the MOH Scale is to measure stones resistance
to hardness. When sediment and grit are harder than the surface,
they will scratch and harm the stone. For example, a piece of
hard plastic is about a 2.0. It will not scratch #3 Calcite
(Marble). However, a piece of sand that measures a 6, will scratch
#3 Calcite but will not scratch #7 Quartz which is Granite.
The harder the stone, the more resistant it is to abrasion.
Exterior sediment that is tracked in to buildings approximately
measures from 3.0 to 7.0. |
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| 8) What's better, marble or granite? |
| Both are wonderful materials each with their own characteristics
and limitations. Granite is striking, functional and very durable.
These traits make it an ideal choice for kitchen surfaces, bar
tops, tabletops, and almost anywhere else that you choose. Granite
looks distinctively different from marble and may not satisfy
a marble-lover. Marble is softer and, being made of calcium
carbonate, it will readily react to acids. For that reason,
it is not the ideal kitchen countertop material (unless you
can live with the naturally worn look). Marble is well suited
for most indoor applications other than a kitchen, such as bathroom
surfaces, tub decks, shower stalls and fireplace surrounds.
Marble looks distinctively different from granite and may not
satisfy a granite-lover.Granite is the most versatile stone
to work with. Granite can be used anywhere indoors or outdoors.
Marble can be used almost anywhere, but it has limitations.
Marble weathers outdoors and it is more susceptible to dulling,
scratching and staining. |
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| 9) What's the best granite? |
| Like with any natural stone, the best is the color and texture
that you like best. Since natural stone is an extremely durable
and long-lasting material that could easily last a lifetime,
choosing a color and pattern that you like is paramount |
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| 10) Can I use marble for my kitchen
countertops? |
| Yes. Many people do, but more people use granite because of
its greater scratch and acid resistance. |
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| 11) Why do granite and marble have
"imperfections" in their surface? |
| The complex formation of these stones, which took millions
of years under great pressure and heat, produced a blend of
materials that each accepts the surface polishing or honing
a little differently. Also, tiny indents and texture variations
are a perfectly normal part of the character that gives natural
stone its extraordinary beauty. |
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| 12) Does stone that is honed stain
more easily? |
| A honed finish does not stain more easily. Once sealed, it
has the same stain repellency as polished granite. However,
a honed finish may require a little more maintenance since it
has a more abraded surface. |
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| 13) How much does a granite kitchen
cost? |
| There are many variables that determine the price of a granite
installation. The price will be based on variables such as type
of stone, edge detail, type and number of sinks, amount of hand
work, special installation needs, etc., so we prefer to give
exact estimates which include all the variables. |
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| 14) What is a laminated edge or bull
nose edge? |
"Bull nose" is the industry expression describing
the finished or polished edge of the stonework. Since the thickness
of most of our slab stone material is ¾", we can either
finish the ¾" edge or laminate it to double that thickness,
or 1½". Full-Radius Bull nose is the most popular choice
of 1½" laminated or "built-up" edges. It is fully
radiused and rounded, and because of its simplicity is compatible
with many decorating styles. There are numerous other laminated
edges to match any design style.
Globe Stone Edge Detail Chart :
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| 15) What's the difference between
an under and top mount sink? |
| An under mount sink sits below the cutout in the granite or
marble. The stone overlaps part of the sink's rim, which provides
for very easy care and maintenance. A top mount sink sits above
the cutout in the granite or marble with a lip or flange of
the sink overlapping the stone. |
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| 16) What type of sealer does Globe
Stone Corporation use? |
| Globe Stone Corporation uses a penetrating sealer, which is
a very long lasting modern sealer that was not available until
recently. To contact the manufacturer directly, call their Technical
Help Line at 1-877-STONETECH (1-877-786-6383) or http://www.stonetechpro.com/ |
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| 17) How often do I need to seal my
countertops? |
| Per the manufacturer's recommendation, reapply sealer every
3-5 years for interior applications, and 1-3 years for exterior
applications. |
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| 18) What makes one fabricator different
from another? |
| Like with any other contractor, choose a stone fabricator
who is licensed, bonded, insured for liability, and carries
Workman's Compensation Insurance. Make sure they have a record
of being on-time and on-budget (without a history of unexpected
up-charges), and of course, make sure that their craftsmanship
is backed-up with great referrals from past customers. It helps
to see and touch their work for yourself (such as in their own
showroom). It's also comforting if they offer a guarantee. If
choosing between two or more stone fabricators who meet these
criteria, then choose the one who is most responsive to your
needs and communicates well. |
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| 19) What are seams and why do you
need them? |
| Seams are the joints where two pieces of stone meet. Seams
are one of the few disadvantages of stone countertops compared
to manmade materials. We do everything we can to avoid or reduce
the number of seams in a job. Then, we do everything we can
to make the seams less visible. We also try to match the color
and grain of adjacent pieces to de-emphasize the seams. |
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| 20) How do I maintain my countertops? |
| We recommend cleaning with warm water and, if necessary, an
everyday liquid dish detergent (such as Ivory Liquid, Palmolive,
etc.), which is mild and antibacterial. Avoid using general-purpose
cleaners, scouring powders, pads or creams, which contain abrasives
or harsh chemicals. Link to care and cleaning. |
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| 21) What is a template? |
| A template is an exact replica of your counter tops and back
splash made from thin strips of wood, which are glued together.
Templates not only give us an exact cutting guide for your job,
but they also allow us to check before finishing the stonework,
its clearances on counters and passage through doors, hallways
and stairways. |
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| 22) Can you make the counters from
measurements? |
| Yes, if necessary, we can, but our company's system is designed
around templating as a way of eliminating errors such as incorrect
measurements or out-of-square walls. |
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| 23) How does granite or marble differ
from Corian? |
| Corian and other polymer/plastic-manufactured surfaces are
formed in one piece to simplify installation. Because of that,
they are often chosen for mass-produced housing. Among their
many limitations, manufactured surfaces cannot compare with
the exquisite natural beauty or long-lasting durability of natural
stone. |
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| 24) What do you need to give me an
estimate? |
Just a sketch of the job will suffice, either from the cabinetmaker
or homeowner, which includes all outside dimensions
Example :

Other information that is necessary is the choice of material,
height and location of backsplash, type of edge detail and where,
type of sink, stove, and any other special instructions. |
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| 25) How much do you charge per square
foot? |
| There are many variables that determine the price of a granite
installation. Globe Stone Corporation tells customers that the
range of cost per square foot is very broad, based on variables
such as type of stone, edge detail, type and number of sinks,
amount of hand work, special installation needs, etc. So, we
prefer to give exact estimates that include all the variables.
Contractors who do not calculate those variables and who quote
strictly by the square foot, too often become disgruntled when
learning that a customer's specific needs or requirements exceed
the limits of the per foot estimate. This could affect customer
satisfaction. |
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| 26) Why do some companies group granites
in groups 1 - 5? |
| Some mass-production companies who fabricate stone for tract
or commercial homebuilders use a system dictated by builders
that gives their homebuyers a choice of 5 price ranges. Since
there are over 1100 types of slab stone available, all of them
with different sizes and prices, from $6 to $125 per square
foot, the system is over simplified and leaves too much room
for error or surprise. |
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| 27) How easy is it to scratch the
stone? |
| There are few things that will scratch granite: diamonds,
another piece of granite, hardened steel. Under normal use,
you will not scratch it, so no need to use cutting board except
to protect your kitchen knifes. |
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