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Frequently Asked Questions ("FAQ")
1)How did it all started?
2)What are different types of stones?
3)How are stones named in the trade?
4)What are the most common surface textures?
5)What is the relationship between color and minerals?
6)What causes the reflectivity of stone and related issues?
7)What does the Hardness of stone mean and related issues?
8)What's better, marble or granite?
9)What's the best granite?
10)Can I use marble for my kitchen countertops?
11)Why do granite and marble have "imperfections" in their surface?
12)Does stone that is honed stain more easily?
13)How much does a granite kitchen cost?
14)What is a laminated edge or bull nose edge?
15)What's the difference between an under mount and top mount sink?
16)What type of sealer does Globe Stone Corporation use?
17)How often do I need to seal my countertops?
18)What makes one fabricator different from another?
19)What are seams and why do you need them?
20)How do I maintain my countertops?
21)What is a template?
22)Can you make the counters from measurements?
23)How does granite or marble differ from Corian?
24)What do you need to give me an estimate?
25)How much do you charge per square foot?
26)Why do some companies group granites in groups 1 - 5?
27)How easy is it to scratch the stone?

Answers :
1) How did it all started?
Stone is a natural solid formation of one or many minerals. There are thousands of types of stone that have been quarried through the centuries. Quarries are located all around the world. A majority of natural stone comes from Italy, Spain, Turkey, United States, Mexico, China, Taiwan, India, Greece, Canada, France, and Brazil.
The minerals in stone came from the same liquid and gas minerals that formed the earth. The Earth developed as a massive body of gas and liquid minerals that slowly cooled and condensed to a solid core. Through pressure, the Earth's crust began to form and heavy minerals were forced down to the core of the Earth where they were trapped. As the crust got thicker, it squeezed around the inner core which created intense pressure and heat from within the Earth. Crystals and other solid forms began to grow from the mineral vapors that were being released. As the Earth's crust began to expand and erode, heat and pressure pushed the solid minerals up to the Earth's surface which formed colossal rock beds. It took up to one-hundred million years to form some of these beds. Many of the beds are now used as quarries where the stone is mined.
Most of these minerals can be identified by their color, hardness, and crystal formation. Crystals come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The wide array of these minerals are often difficult to identify. Many stones look very similar to each other; however, they are all very different.
It is imperative to know the exact type of stone that is to be maintained. Stone is natural and may have adverse reactions to certain cleaning chemicals and procedures. Most stones are also natural alkalis and so are dirt and soil; therefore, stone and dirt are attracted to each other which often makes cleaning very difficult. This makes the proper selection of cleaning procedures and chemicals for stone very complex.
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2) What are different types of stones?
The familiar stone types that are used today are identified through four categories: SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC, IGNEOUS STONE, and MAN-MADE.

I. SEDIMENTARY: Comes from organic elements such as glaciers, rivers, wind, oceans, and plants. Tiny sedimentary pieces broke off from these elements and accumulated to form rock beds. They were bonded through millions of years of heat and pressure.
  1. LIMESTONE: Mainly consists of calcite. It does not show much graining or crystalline structure. It has a smooth granular surface. Varies in hardness. Some dense limestones can be polished. Common colors are black, grey, white, yellow or brown. It is more likely to stain than marble. Limestone is known to contain lime from sea water.
    i. SANDSTONE: Is a very durable formation of quartz grains (sand). Usually formed in light brown or red colors. Categorized by the most popular sandstone bonding agents such as silica, calcium, clay, and iron oxide.
    ii. SOAPSTONE: A very soft stone made of a variety of talc. It is a dense mineral that wears well and is often resistant to stains.
    iii. FOSSILSTONE: Considered a limestone that contains natural fossils such as sea shells and plants.
    iv. TRAVERTINE: Usually a cream or reddish color. It is formed through the accumulation of calcite from hot springs. It contains lots of holes that were formed from water flowing through the stone. These holes are often filled with synthetic resins or cements. Requires lots of maintenance if the holes are not filled. Classified as a limestone and a marble.
II. METAMORPHIC: Originates from a natural change from one type of stone to another type through the mixture of heat, pressure, and minerals. The change may be a development of a crystalline formation, a texture change, or a color change.
  1. MARBLE: A recrystallized limestone that formed when the limestone softened from heat and pressure and recrystallized into marble where mineral changes occurred. The main consistency is calcium and dolomite. Ranges in many colors and is usually heavily veined and shows lots of grains. Hardness rates from 2.5 to 5 on the MOH Scale. Marble is classified into three categories: (Stone World)
    i. Dolomite: If it has more than 40% magnesium carbonate.
    ii. Magnesian: If it has between 5% and 40% magnesium carbonate.
    iii. Calcite: If it has less than 5% magnesium carbonate.
  2. SLATE: A fine grained metamorphic stone that formed from clay, sedimentary rock shale, and sometimes quartz. Very thin and can break easily. Usually black, grey, or green.
  3. SERPENTINE: Identified by its marks which look like the skin of a serpent. Most popular colors are green and brown. Hardness rates from 2.5 to 4 on the MOH Scale. Contains serpentine minerals has lots of magnesium, and has an igneous origin. Does not always react well to recrystallization or diamond polishing.
III. IGNEOUS: stones are mainly formed through volcanic material such as magma. Underneath the Earths surface, liquid magma cooled and solidified. Mineral gases and liquids penetrated into the stone and created new crystalline formations with various colors.
  1. GRANITE: Primarily made of Quartz (35%), Feldspar (45%) and Potassium. Usually has darker colors. Contains very little calcite, if any. Provides a heavy crystalline and granular appearance with mineral grains. It is very hard material and easier to maintain than marble. Yet, it is still porous and will stain. There are different types of granite depending on the percentage mix of quartz, mica and feldspar. Black granite is known as an Anorthosite. It contains very little quartz and feldspar and has a different composition than true granite.
IV. MAN-MADE: Stones are derived of unnatural mixtures such resin or cement with the additive of stone chips.
  1. TERRAZZO: Marble and granite chips embedded in a cement composition.
    i. AGGLOMERATE or CONGLOMERATE: Marble chips embedded in a colored resin composition.
    ii. CULTURED or FAUX MARBLE: A mix of resins that are painted or mixed with a paint to look like marble.
       
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3) How are stones named in the trade?
Currently, there are many companies around the world that use generic names to identify different types of stone. This has created a problem for the stone maintenance industry. The original names were in Italian. Usually the name consists of two parts. The first part describes the color and the second part describes the name from where the stone was quarried.

ITALIAN NAME:ENGLISH COLOR:
AzzuroBlue
BrecciaBroken Pieces
Dorato/D'oroGold
FioreFlower
GialloYellow
Negro/NeroBlack
Perla/PerlatoPearl
RosaPink
RossoRed
VerdeGreen
BiancoWhite
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4) What are the most common surface textures?
There are many different types of stone available today. When stone is ordered, it is fabricated with a particular type of surface. There are seven main types of surfaces that are selected:
I. HONED: Provides a flat to low sheen gloss. Different levels of gloss can be selected. This surface is very smooth, but often very porous. This texture is common in high traffic buildings. Honed floors should always be protected with Stoneguard Penetrating Sealer because it has wide-open pores. Honed stone colors are not as vibrant as a polished stone.
II. POLISHED: A glossy surface that wears away with time due to heavy foot traffic and using improper maintenance procedures. This surface is very smooth and not very porous. The reflectivity of polished crystals brings out the brilliant colors and grains of natural stone. The shine comes from the natural reflection of the stone's crystals. The polish is provided by polishing bricks and polishing powders that are used during fabrication. The shine is not from a coating.
III. FLAMED: A rough surface that is developed through intense heat. During fabrication, the stone is heated up and the crystals begin to pop, thus forming a rough surface. This surface is very porous and must be treated with Stoneguard.
IV. TUMBLED: A slightly rough texture that is achieved by tumbling small pieces of marble, limestone, and sometimes granite to achieve an archaic/worn appearance. It often requires an application of Stone Color Enhancer to bring out the colors.
V. SAND BLASTED: This surface is the result of a pressurized flow of sand and water that provides a textured surface with a matte gloss.
VI. SAWN: A process performed by using a gang saw.
VII. BUSH HAMMERED: A pounding action that develops a textured surface. The degree of roughness can be selected.
   
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5) What is the relationship between color and minerals?
As discussed previously, stone was formed from different types of natural minerals. Marble's main consistency is calcium. Calcium carbonate is the natural source that bonds the stone. Certain additive minerals blended in to the calcium during formation to customize these brilliant colors. The additive minerals are also color developers present in granite and other natural stones.

STONE COLOR: MINERAL:
BlackBiotite, Hornblende, Carbon
BrownLimonite
GrayVariety of minerals
GreenMica, Chloride, Silicate
RedHematite
WhiteFeldspar, Calcite, Dolomite.
YellowLimonite

MINERAL: MINERAL COLOR:
AugiteBrown, Green, Black, Purple
BiotiteBlack, Brown, Green
CalcitePearlenscent and Pale Colors
DolomiteColorless, Pink, Pale Brown
FeldsparYellow, White, Pink, Green, Grey
HematiteMetallic Grey or Black
HornblendeGreen, Yellow, Brown, Black
LimoniteBlack, Brown, or Yellow
SulphurPale Gold

Minerals have a variety of crystalline properties. A different property has a different color. For instance, Augite (listed above) has different crystalline properties. Each property has its own color. Stones brilliant colors and various crystal formations developed when different mineral properties blended together along with the integration of temperature and pressure.
The veins and color grains of marble were liquid minerals that flowed through the stone when the Earth heated up. The intense heat softened the limestone to allow the liquids to flow through it. When the Earth cooled, the mineral flow stopped and gradually hardened to its current state.
The delicate colors of stone can often be altered by the improper use of cleaning chemicals, mopping with dirty solution, using chemicals that are not designed for stone care, and sunlight can fade the color of natural minerals.
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6) What causes the reflectivity of stone and related issues?
Stone contains natural crystals. These crystals reflect light to provide a shine on the surface. When the crystals are dull, crushed, or broken, they cannot reflect light evenly. For example, when the lens of a flashlight breaks, it cannot reflect the light that is being emitted from the bulb.
Polished stone floors become dull when heavy foot traffic along with sediment erodes the crystals. Normal footwear does not cause the main damage, sediment and grit do. The sediment and grit that lies on the stone surface is the main enemy of the stones crystals. The damage to the crystals occur when the pressure from the shoe forces the sediment to abrade or fracture the crystals.
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7) What does the Hardness of stone mean and related issues?
Marble is a relatively soft stone. On a measurement of hardness (MOHS), marble is approximately a three out of ten. Marble is made of calcium, just like your teeth. If you eat something to hard you will break your tooth. If you eat a lot of sugar you will get a cavity. Stone reacts the same way. If an improper chemical is applied to the surface, corrosion will begin to form cavities in the stone.
Listed below is the famous Measurement of Hardness (MOH) Scale for stone. This is a guide developed in the 1800's which helps evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the stone being used. For example, softer stones would require the use of a less active chemical and a more frequent dust mopping program.
Measurement of Hardness Scale:
I. Talc
II. Gypsum
III. Calcite (Most Marbles)
IV. Fluorite
V. Apatite
VI. Feldspar (Granite)
VII. Quartz (Granite)
VIII. Topaz
IX. Corundum
X. Diamond
The objective of the MOH Scale is to measure stones resistance to hardness. When sediment and grit are harder than the surface, they will scratch and harm the stone. For example, a piece of hard plastic is about a 2.0. It will not scratch #3 Calcite (Marble). However, a piece of sand that measures a 6, will scratch #3 Calcite but will not scratch #7 Quartz which is Granite. The harder the stone, the more resistant it is to abrasion. Exterior sediment that is tracked in to buildings approximately measures from 3.0 to 7.0.
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8) What's better, marble or granite?
Both are wonderful materials each with their own characteristics and limitations. Granite is striking, functional and very durable. These traits make it an ideal choice for kitchen surfaces, bar tops, tabletops, and almost anywhere else that you choose. Granite looks distinctively different from marble and may not satisfy a marble-lover. Marble is softer and, being made of calcium carbonate, it will readily react to acids. For that reason, it is not the ideal kitchen countertop material (unless you can live with the naturally worn look). Marble is well suited for most indoor applications other than a kitchen, such as bathroom surfaces, tub decks, shower stalls and fireplace surrounds. Marble looks distinctively different from granite and may not satisfy a granite-lover.Granite is the most versatile stone to work with. Granite can be used anywhere indoors or outdoors. Marble can be used almost anywhere, but it has limitations. Marble weathers outdoors and it is more susceptible to dulling, scratching and staining.
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9) What's the best granite?
Like with any natural stone, the best is the color and texture that you like best. Since natural stone is an extremely durable and long-lasting material that could easily last a lifetime, choosing a color and pattern that you like is paramount
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10) Can I use marble for my kitchen countertops?
Yes. Many people do, but more people use granite because of its greater scratch and acid resistance.
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11) Why do granite and marble have "imperfections" in their surface?
The complex formation of these stones, which took millions of years under great pressure and heat, produced a blend of materials that each accepts the surface polishing or honing a little differently. Also, tiny indents and texture variations are a perfectly normal part of the character that gives natural stone its extraordinary beauty.
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12) Does stone that is honed stain more easily?
A honed finish does not stain more easily. Once sealed, it has the same stain repellency as polished granite. However, a honed finish may require a little more maintenance since it has a more abraded surface.
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13) How much does a granite kitchen cost?
There are many variables that determine the price of a granite installation. The price will be based on variables such as type of stone, edge detail, type and number of sinks, amount of hand work, special installation needs, etc., so we prefer to give exact estimates which include all the variables.
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14) What is a laminated edge or bull nose edge?
"Bull nose" is the industry expression describing the finished or polished edge of the stonework. Since the thickness of most of our slab stone material is ¾", we can either finish the ¾" edge or laminate it to double that thickness, or 1½". Full-Radius Bull nose is the most popular choice of 1½" laminated or "built-up" edges. It is fully radiused and rounded, and because of its simplicity is compatible with many decorating styles. There are numerous other laminated edges to match any design style.

Globe Stone Edge Detail Chart :
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15) What's the difference between an under and top mount sink?
An under mount sink sits below the cutout in the granite or marble. The stone overlaps part of the sink's rim, which provides for very easy care and maintenance. A top mount sink sits above the cutout in the granite or marble with a lip or flange of the sink overlapping the stone.
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16) What type of sealer does Globe Stone Corporation use?
Globe Stone Corporation uses a penetrating sealer, which is a very long lasting modern sealer that was not available until recently. To contact the manufacturer directly, call their Technical Help Line at 1-877-STONETECH (1-877-786-6383) or http://www.stonetechpro.com/
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17) How often do I need to seal my countertops?
Per the manufacturer's recommendation, reapply sealer every 3-5 years for interior applications, and 1-3 years for exterior applications.
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18) What makes one fabricator different from another?
Like with any other contractor, choose a stone fabricator who is licensed, bonded, insured for liability, and carries Workman's Compensation Insurance. Make sure they have a record of being on-time and on-budget (without a history of unexpected up-charges), and of course, make sure that their craftsmanship is backed-up with great referrals from past customers. It helps to see and touch their work for yourself (such as in their own showroom). It's also comforting if they offer a guarantee. If choosing between two or more stone fabricators who meet these criteria, then choose the one who is most responsive to your needs and communicates well.
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19) What are seams and why do you need them?
Seams are the joints where two pieces of stone meet. Seams are one of the few disadvantages of stone countertops compared to manmade materials. We do everything we can to avoid or reduce the number of seams in a job. Then, we do everything we can to make the seams less visible. We also try to match the color and grain of adjacent pieces to de-emphasize the seams.
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20) How do I maintain my countertops?
We recommend cleaning with warm water and, if necessary, an everyday liquid dish detergent (such as Ivory Liquid, Palmolive, etc.), which is mild and antibacterial. Avoid using general-purpose cleaners, scouring powders, pads or creams, which contain abrasives or harsh chemicals. Link to care and cleaning.
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21) What is a template?
A template is an exact replica of your counter tops and back splash made from thin strips of wood, which are glued together. Templates not only give us an exact cutting guide for your job, but they also allow us to check before finishing the stonework, its clearances on counters and passage through doors, hallways and stairways.
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22) Can you make the counters from measurements?
Yes, if necessary, we can, but our company's system is designed around templating as a way of eliminating errors such as incorrect measurements or out-of-square walls.
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23) How does granite or marble differ from Corian?
Corian and other polymer/plastic-manufactured surfaces are formed in one piece to simplify installation. Because of that, they are often chosen for mass-produced housing. Among their many limitations, manufactured surfaces cannot compare with the exquisite natural beauty or long-lasting durability of natural stone.
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24) What do you need to give me an estimate?
Just a sketch of the job will suffice, either from the cabinetmaker or homeowner, which includes all outside dimensions

Example :

Other information that is necessary is the choice of material, height and location of backsplash, type of edge detail and where, type of sink, stove, and any other special instructions.
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25) How much do you charge per square foot?
There are many variables that determine the price of a granite installation. Globe Stone Corporation tells customers that the range of cost per square foot is very broad, based on variables such as type of stone, edge detail, type and number of sinks, amount of hand work, special installation needs, etc. So, we prefer to give exact estimates that include all the variables. Contractors who do not calculate those variables and who quote strictly by the square foot, too often become disgruntled when learning that a customer's specific needs or requirements exceed the limits of the per foot estimate. This could affect customer satisfaction.
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26) Why do some companies group granites in groups 1 - 5?
Some mass-production companies who fabricate stone for tract or commercial homebuilders use a system dictated by builders that gives their homebuyers a choice of 5 price ranges. Since there are over 1100 types of slab stone available, all of them with different sizes and prices, from $6 to $125 per square foot, the system is over simplified and leaves too much room for error or surprise.
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27) How easy is it to scratch the stone?
There are few things that will scratch granite: diamonds, another piece of granite, hardened steel. Under normal use, you will not scratch it, so no need to use cutting board except to protect your kitchen knifes.
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